Slot Antenna
- 10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Receiver
- 10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Booster
- 10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Combo
- 10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Tuner
- With a 16-slot total, the antenna can have 10-12 dBi gain. Slot antennas can be built from surplus waveguide sections, which will give an omni-directional pattern and horizontal polarization. This paper offers a computer aided method to calculate the proper dimensions for the slots and their locations.
- 10 GHz waveguide slot antenna OZ2OE Technical Home Page - 10 GHz waveguide slot antenna. Design of a 10 GHz beacon antenna. A standard WG16 waveguide is used.
- The waveguide is designed to operate at 10 GHz. It is fed by a coaxial feed at the bottom as shown in Figure 4. Slotted waveguide antenna fed by a coaxial feed.
- In the following lines, we seek to develop a waveguide slot antenna with vertical polarization and broadside radiation, to operate in the 29.5-31 GHz band at an operating frequency of 30 GHz, with a gain greater than 30 dBi, a beam width of 3 degrees in both planes, a fractional bandwidth of 5%, a.
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.
Slot Antenna
The holes are not resonant at 10 GHz, so they do not radiate as readily as resonant slots. The result is a high 'Q' sharply tuned antenna. The radiating elements on opposite sides of the waveguide are further apart, so the omnidirectionality is not as good.
Slot radiators orslot antennas are antennas that are used in the frequency range from about 300 MHz to 25 GHz. They are often used in navigation radar usually as an array fed by a waveguide. But also older large phased array antennas used the principle because the slot radiators are a very inexpensive way for frequency scanning arrays. Slot antennas are an about λ/2 elongated slot, cut in a conductive plate (Consider an infinite conducting sheet), and excited in the center. This slot behaves according to Babinet's principle as resonant radiator. Jacques Babinet (1794 - 1872) was a French physicist and mathematician, formulated the theorem that similar diffraction patterns are produced by two complementary screens (Babinet's principle). This principle relates the radiated fields and impedance of an aperture or slot antenna to that of the field of a dipole antenna. The polarization of a slot antenna is linear. The fields of the slot antenna are almost the same as the dipole antenna, but the field's components are interchanged: a vertical slot has got an horizontal electric field; and the vertical dipole has got a vertical electrical field.
The impedance of the slot antenna (Zs) is related to the impedance of its complementary dipole antenna (Zd) by the relation:
| Zd · Zs = η2/4 | where | Zs = impedance of the slot antenna Zd = impedance of its dual antenna η = intrinsic impedance of free space. | (1) |
It follows for Zs = 485 Ω.
The band width of a narrow rectangular slot is equal to that of the related dipole, and is equal to half the bandwidth of a cylindrical dipole with a diameter equal to the slot width. Casino welch mn. Figure 2 shows slot antennas different from the rectangular shape that increasing the bandwidth of the slot antenna.
Figure 2: Various broadband slot antenna.
Although the theory requires an infinite spread conductive surface, the deviation from the theoretical value is small when the surface is greater than the square of the wavelength. The feeding of the slot antenna can be done with ordinary two-wire line. The impedance is dependent on the feeding point, as in a dipole. The value of 485 Ω applies only to a feeding point at the center. A shift of the feed point from the center to the edge steadily decreases the impedance.
The application of slot antennas can be versatile. They can replace dipoles e.g. if it is required a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the radiator. If a dipole is used for feeding of a parabolic antenna to generate a vertically orientated but horizontally polarized fan beam, then this dipole must be orientated horizontally. This would mean that the edge surfaces of the parabolic reflector will not be sufficiently illuminated, but a lot of energy above and below the reflector would be lost. In addition, the length of the dipole is extended in a plane, in which is demanding a point like source of radiation for the focus of the parabolic reflector. If this dipole is replaced by a slot antenna, in this case don't appear these disadvantages.
Slots in waveguidesFigure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Receiver
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Slot antennas in waveguides provide an economical way of the design of antenna arrays. The position, shape and orientation of the slots will determine how (or if) they radiate. Figure 3 shows a rectangular waveguide with a drawn with red lines snapshot of the schematic current distribution in the waveguide walls. If slots are cut into the walls, so the current flow is affected more or less depending on the location of the slot. If the slots are sufficiently narrow so the slots B and C (Fig. 3) have little influence on the current distribution. These two slots radiate not (or very little). The slots A and D represent barriers to the current flow. Thus, this current flow acts as an excitation system for the slot, this one acts as radiator. Since the wave in the waveguide moves forward, these drawn lines migrate in the direction of propagation. The slot gets one always alternating voltage potential at its slot edges (depending on the frequency in the waveguide). The power that the slot radiates can be altered by moving the slots closer or farther from the edge. The slots A and D (as drawn in Figure 3) have the strongest coupling to the RF energy transported in the waveguide. In order to reduce this coupling, for example the slot A could be moved closer to one of the shorter waveguide walls. Rotating of the slots would have a the same effect (an angle between the orientations of A and B or C and D). The coupling of this rotated slot ist a factor of about sin2 of the rotating angle θ.
Slotted Waveguide AntennasFigure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Several slot radiators in a waveguide form a group antenna. The waveguide is used as the transmission line to feed the elements. In order for radiate in the correct phase, all single slots must be cutted in the distance of the wavelength, that is valid for the interior of the waveguide. This wavelength differs from the wavelength in free space and is a function of the wider side a of a rectangular waveguide. Usually this wavelength is calculated for the TE₁₀ mode by:
a = length of the wider side of the rectangular waveguides
λh = 'guided' wavelength (within the waveguide)
λ = wavelength in free space(2)
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
The wavelength within the waveguide is longer than in free space. The distance of the slot radiators in the group is set at this wavelength to a value that is slightly larger than the wavelength λ in the free space. The number and the size of the sidelobes is affected so unfavorably. The slots are often attached to the left and right eccentrically (with reduced coupling). If mounted on the narrow side of the waveguide, it may happen that the length for the resonant slot radiator is shorter than the wall. In this case, the slot can be also guided around the corners, it then lies also slightly on the A-side of the waveguide. In practice, these slots are all covered with a thin insulating material (for the protection of the interior) of the waveguide. This material may not be hygroscopic and must be protected from weather conditions.
A single narrow slot radiator can also work on frequencies ±5 … ±10% besides its resonance frequency. For array antennas, this is not possible so easily. Such a group antenna is fixed strongly to a single frequency, which is determined by the spacing of exactly λh, and for which the antenna has been optimized. If the frequency is changed, then these distances not correct, the performance of the antenna decreases. The phase difference arising between the antenna elements are added to the whole length of the antenna to values that can no longer be tolerated. This antenna begins to 'squint', that is, the antenna pattern points in a different direction from the optical center axis. This effect can also be exploited to achieve an electronic pivoting of the antenna beam as a function of change of the transmission frequency.
10 GHz Omnidirectional Antenna
Ken Vickers G3YKI
There is no shortage of information on how to design slotted waveguide antennas, but to actually make them can become a problem without relatively sophisticated machining facilities, especially when you get to the higher frequencies. For example, the slots in an X band antenna might be about 1mm wide by 12 mm long and difficult to make by hand. This antenna was made in a few hours and requires no more than a hand drill, saw and file.
So what's the difference?
This antenna uses round holes rather than slots. They are much easier to make! A normal slotted waveguide antenna has the slots in the broad face of the waveguide. The broad face (of a vertical waveguide) has both vertical and horizontal currents, so a vertical slot has to be used if you want to radiate only horizontal polarisation. The short face carries only horizontal currents so the shape of the holes does not matter much.
I searched all the antenna books I could find, but no one mentioned an antenna like this. But after I convinced myself that it should work, I made one, and it did work.
What are the Disadvantages?
The holes are not resonant at 10 GHz, so they do not radiate as readily as resonant slots. The result is a high 'Q' sharply tuned antenna.
The radiating elements on opposite sides of the waveguide are further apart, so the omnidirectionality is not as good.
The vertical spacing of the elements is greater than one wavelength in free space which leads to less than optimum gain for the length of the antenna, and larger sidelobes in the vertical plane.
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Booster
How to make it.
Dimensions relate to WG16 for 10.368 GHz.
The waveguide must be exactly a multiple of one half guide wavelength long between short circuits at the operating frequency. The holes are 3/8' (9.5mm) diameter (largest possible)and spaced one guide wavelength apart, starting one quarter guide wavelength from the short circuit. Holes at the same height on opposite faces will give opposite contributions in the directions of the broad face, resulting in a null in that direction. To get the side lobes, as in the pattern shown, the holes on opposite faces are offset by one half wavelength vertically.
A tuning screw is required to set the resonant frequency. The antenna is fed at the centre by a small probe in the centre of the broad face, rather like any other co-axial to waveguide transition.
Results
The antenna was set up on a tripod with receiver and the vertical and horizontal radiation patterns were measured.Vertical and horizontal Radiation Patterns of a 6 Element Antenna.
Polarisation
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Combo
The antenna was also measured with a vertically polarised source to confirm that it really was working as a horizontally polarised antenna. The response was generally about 20 dB down on the horizontal response. Considering that my 'test range' was surrounded by trees, some of which would be illuminated with RF and scatter it with random polarisation, I would not expect any better.
The band width of a narrow rectangular slot is equal to that of the related dipole, and is equal to half the bandwidth of a cylindrical dipole with a diameter equal to the slot width. Casino welch mn. Figure 2 shows slot antennas different from the rectangular shape that increasing the bandwidth of the slot antenna.
Figure 2: Various broadband slot antenna.
Although the theory requires an infinite spread conductive surface, the deviation from the theoretical value is small when the surface is greater than the square of the wavelength. The feeding of the slot antenna can be done with ordinary two-wire line. The impedance is dependent on the feeding point, as in a dipole. The value of 485 Ω applies only to a feeding point at the center. A shift of the feed point from the center to the edge steadily decreases the impedance.
The application of slot antennas can be versatile. They can replace dipoles e.g. if it is required a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the radiator. If a dipole is used for feeding of a parabolic antenna to generate a vertically orientated but horizontally polarized fan beam, then this dipole must be orientated horizontally. This would mean that the edge surfaces of the parabolic reflector will not be sufficiently illuminated, but a lot of energy above and below the reflector would be lost. In addition, the length of the dipole is extended in a plane, in which is demanding a point like source of radiation for the focus of the parabolic reflector. If this dipole is replaced by a slot antenna, in this case don't appear these disadvantages.
Slots in waveguidesFigure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Receiver
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Slot antennas in waveguides provide an economical way of the design of antenna arrays. The position, shape and orientation of the slots will determine how (or if) they radiate. Figure 3 shows a rectangular waveguide with a drawn with red lines snapshot of the schematic current distribution in the waveguide walls. If slots are cut into the walls, so the current flow is affected more or less depending on the location of the slot. If the slots are sufficiently narrow so the slots B and C (Fig. 3) have little influence on the current distribution. These two slots radiate not (or very little). The slots A and D represent barriers to the current flow. Thus, this current flow acts as an excitation system for the slot, this one acts as radiator. Since the wave in the waveguide moves forward, these drawn lines migrate in the direction of propagation. The slot gets one always alternating voltage potential at its slot edges (depending on the frequency in the waveguide). The power that the slot radiates can be altered by moving the slots closer or farther from the edge. The slots A and D (as drawn in Figure 3) have the strongest coupling to the RF energy transported in the waveguide. In order to reduce this coupling, for example the slot A could be moved closer to one of the shorter waveguide walls. Rotating of the slots would have a the same effect (an angle between the orientations of A and B or C and D). The coupling of this rotated slot ist a factor of about sin2 of the rotating angle θ.
Slotted Waveguide AntennasFigure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Several slot radiators in a waveguide form a group antenna. The waveguide is used as the transmission line to feed the elements. In order for radiate in the correct phase, all single slots must be cutted in the distance of the wavelength, that is valid for the interior of the waveguide. This wavelength differs from the wavelength in free space and is a function of the wider side a of a rectangular waveguide. Usually this wavelength is calculated for the TE₁₀ mode by:
a = length of the wider side of the rectangular waveguides
λh = 'guided' wavelength (within the waveguide)
λ = wavelength in free space(2)
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
The wavelength within the waveguide is longer than in free space. The distance of the slot radiators in the group is set at this wavelength to a value that is slightly larger than the wavelength λ in the free space. The number and the size of the sidelobes is affected so unfavorably. The slots are often attached to the left and right eccentrically (with reduced coupling). If mounted on the narrow side of the waveguide, it may happen that the length for the resonant slot radiator is shorter than the wall. In this case, the slot can be also guided around the corners, it then lies also slightly on the A-side of the waveguide. In practice, these slots are all covered with a thin insulating material (for the protection of the interior) of the waveguide. This material may not be hygroscopic and must be protected from weather conditions.
A single narrow slot radiator can also work on frequencies ±5 … ±10% besides its resonance frequency. For array antennas, this is not possible so easily. Such a group antenna is fixed strongly to a single frequency, which is determined by the spacing of exactly λh, and for which the antenna has been optimized. If the frequency is changed, then these distances not correct, the performance of the antenna decreases. The phase difference arising between the antenna elements are added to the whole length of the antenna to values that can no longer be tolerated. This antenna begins to 'squint', that is, the antenna pattern points in a different direction from the optical center axis. This effect can also be exploited to achieve an electronic pivoting of the antenna beam as a function of change of the transmission frequency.
10 GHz Omnidirectional Antenna
Ken Vickers G3YKI
There is no shortage of information on how to design slotted waveguide antennas, but to actually make them can become a problem without relatively sophisticated machining facilities, especially when you get to the higher frequencies. For example, the slots in an X band antenna might be about 1mm wide by 12 mm long and difficult to make by hand. This antenna was made in a few hours and requires no more than a hand drill, saw and file.
So what's the difference?
This antenna uses round holes rather than slots. They are much easier to make! A normal slotted waveguide antenna has the slots in the broad face of the waveguide. The broad face (of a vertical waveguide) has both vertical and horizontal currents, so a vertical slot has to be used if you want to radiate only horizontal polarisation. The short face carries only horizontal currents so the shape of the holes does not matter much.
I searched all the antenna books I could find, but no one mentioned an antenna like this. But after I convinced myself that it should work, I made one, and it did work.
What are the Disadvantages?
The holes are not resonant at 10 GHz, so they do not radiate as readily as resonant slots. The result is a high 'Q' sharply tuned antenna.
The radiating elements on opposite sides of the waveguide are further apart, so the omnidirectionality is not as good.
The vertical spacing of the elements is greater than one wavelength in free space which leads to less than optimum gain for the length of the antenna, and larger sidelobes in the vertical plane.
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Booster
How to make it.
Dimensions relate to WG16 for 10.368 GHz.
The waveguide must be exactly a multiple of one half guide wavelength long between short circuits at the operating frequency. The holes are 3/8' (9.5mm) diameter (largest possible)and spaced one guide wavelength apart, starting one quarter guide wavelength from the short circuit. Holes at the same height on opposite faces will give opposite contributions in the directions of the broad face, resulting in a null in that direction. To get the side lobes, as in the pattern shown, the holes on opposite faces are offset by one half wavelength vertically.
A tuning screw is required to set the resonant frequency. The antenna is fed at the centre by a small probe in the centre of the broad face, rather like any other co-axial to waveguide transition.
Results
The antenna was set up on a tripod with receiver and the vertical and horizontal radiation patterns were measured.Vertical and horizontal Radiation Patterns of a 6 Element Antenna.
Polarisation
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Combo
The antenna was also measured with a vertically polarised source to confirm that it really was working as a horizontally polarised antenna. The response was generally about 20 dB down on the horizontal response. Considering that my 'test range' was surrounded by trees, some of which would be illuminated with RF and scatter it with random polarisation, I would not expect any better.
10 Ghz Waveguide Slot Antenna Tuner
More Pictures Let me know if you found this interesting,
especially if you build one!
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